Lecture notes in Transportation Systems Engineering
ASTM D1559 ASTM D6926 & 27 ASTM D5581 ASTM D4867 AASHTO T245 AASHTO T283 British Standard BS598: Part 107 In addition, these machines include an H-4454.100 calibrated load ring to determine test load. Load capacity is 10,000lbf (50kN). Models covered in manual include: Marshall Compression Machine— H-1339B.
March 19, 2012
The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance predictionmeasure for the Marshall mix design method. The stability portion of the testmeasures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of50.8 mm/minute.Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum loadis designated as stability.During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow(deformation) due to the loading. The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm(0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.The important steps involved in marshal mix design are summarized next.
- Jan 12, 2020 ASTM D1559 MARSHALL PDF - voids analysis and stability – flow test. Strength is measured in terms of the ' Marshall's Stability' of the mix following the specification ASTM D.
- Of the most recently approved ASTM D1559 -Standard Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures using Marshall Apparatus. Three mold cylinders are recommended. Specimen Extractor A steel disc with a diameter not less than 100 mm and a minimum thickness of 13.
- Jun 22, 2020 Marshall Stability Test as per ASTM D 1559 & IRC 111 OBJECTIVES To determine the strength (Marshall Stability Value) and flexibility (flow value) for the given bitumen mixture. To determine the density-voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture; To determine the suitability of bituminous.
Approximately 1200gm of aggregates and filler is heated to a temperature of. Bitumen is heated to a temperature of with the first trial percentage of bitumen (say 3.5 or 4% by weight of themineral aggregates). The heated aggregates and bitumen are thoroughly mixed ata temperature of . The mix is placed in a preheated mould and compacted by a rammer with 50 blowson either side at temperature of to . The weight of mixedaggregates taken for the preparation of the specimen may be suitably altered toobtain a compacted thickness of 63.5+/-3 mm.Vary the bitumen content in the next trial by and repeat the aboveprocedure. Number of trials are predetermined. The prepared mould is loaded inthe Marshall test setup as shown in the figure 1.
Summoners war account for sale ebay. Summoners War: Sky Arena is an RPG with turn-based combat in pure Final Fantasy style where players can summon more than 400 different types of monsters to help them during their confrontations.To fully enjoy the in-game content, an epic or legendary Summoners War account is necessary. The Hub for Summoners War Account Buyers and Sellers. Summoners War has risen to be one of the biggest and best strategic mobile games out there with millions of Summoners War account users and players competitively battling it out.PlayerAuctions provides a unique service for Summoners War account sellers and buyers.
Marshall Mould
R4 cheat code editor mac download. The properties that are of interest include the theoretical specific gravity, the bulk specific gravity of the mix , percent air voids ,percent volume of bitumen , percent void in mixed aggregate VMA andpercent voids filled with bitumen VFB.These calculations are discussed next.To understand these calculation a phase diagram is given in Figure 2.
Theoretical specific gravity of the mix
Theoretical specific gravity is the specific gravity without consideringair voids, and is given by:(1) |
where, is the weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix, is the weight of fine aggregate in the total mix, is the weight of filler in the total mix, is the weight of bitumen in the total mix, is the apparent specific gravity of coarse aggregate, is the apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate, is the apparent specific gravity of filler and is the apparent specific gravity of bitumen,
Bulk specific gravity of mix
The bulk specific gravity or the actual specific gravity of the mix isthe specific gravity considering air voids and is found out by:where, is the weight of mix in air, is the weight of mix in water,Note that gives the volume of the mix. Sometimes to get accurate bulk specific gravity, the specimen is coated withthin film of paraffin wax, when weight is taken in the water.This, however requires to consider the weight and volume of wax in the calculations.
Air voids percent
Air voids is the percent of air voids by volume in the specimen and isgiven by:(3) |
where is the theoretical specific gravity of the mix, given by equation26.1. and is the bulk or actual specific gravity of the mix given by equation26.2.
Percent volume of bitumen
The volume of bitumen is the percent of volume of bitumen to the totalvolume and given by:where, is the weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix, is the weight of fine aggregate in the total mix, is the weight of filler in the total mix, is the weight of bitumen in the total mix, is the apparent specific gravity of bitumen, and is the bulk specific gravity of mix given by equation 26.2.
Voids in mineral aggregate
Voids in mineral aggregate is the volume of voids in the aggregates, andis the sum of air voids and volume of bitumen, andis calculated from(5) |
where, is the percent air voids in the mix, given by equation 26.3.and is percent bitumen content in the mix, given by equation 26.4. (4).
Voids filled with bitumen
Voids filled with bitumen is the voids in the mineral aggregate framework filled with the bitumen, and is calculated as:where, is percent bitumen content in the mix, given by equation 26.4.and is the percent voids in the mineral aggregate, given by equation 26.5.
Marshall stability of a test specimen is the maximum load required to producefailure when the specimen is preheated to a prescribed temperature placed in aspecial test head and the load is applied at a constant strain (5 cm perminute).While the stability test is in progress dial gauge is used to measure thevertical deformation of the specimen.The deformation at the failure point expressed in units of 0.25 mm is calledthe Marshall flow value of the specimen.It is possible while making the specimen the thickness slightly vary from thestandard specification of 63.5 mm.Therefore, measured stability values need to be corrected to those which wouldhave been obtained if the specimens had been exactly 63.5 mm.This is done by multiplying each measured stability value by an appropriatedcorrelation factors as given in Table below.
Volume of | Thickness | Correction |
specimen | of specimen | Factor |
(cm) | (mm) | |
457 - 470 | 57.1 | 1.19 |
471 - 482 | 68.7 | 1.14 |
483 - 495 | 60.3 | 1.09 |
496 - 508 | 61.9 | 1.04 |
509 - 522 | 63.5 | 1.00 |
523 - 535 | 65.1 | 0.96 |
536 - 546 | 66.7 | 0.93 |
547 - 559 | 68.3 | 0.89 |
560 - 573 | 69.9 | 0.86 |
The average value of the above properties are determined for each mix withdifferent bitumen content and the following graphical plots are prepared:
- Binder content versus corrected Marshall stability
- Binder content versus Marshall flow
- Binder content versus percentage of void () in the total mix
- Binder content versus voids filled with bitumen ()
- Binder content versus unit weight or bulk specific gravity ()
Determine the optimum binder content for the mix design by taking average valueof the following three bitumen contents found form the graphs obtained in theprevious step.
- Binder content corresponding to maximum stability
- Binder content corresponding to maximum bulk specific gravity ()
- Binder content corresponding to the median of designed limits of percentair voids () in the total mix (i.e. 4%)
Free codec for mac. The stability value, flow value, and are checked with Marshall mixdesign specification chart given in Table below.Mixes with very high stability value and low flow value are not desirable asthe pavements constructed with such mixes are likely to develop cracks due toheavy moving loads.
Test Property | Specified Value |
Marshall stability, kg | 340 (minimum) |
Flow value, 0.25 mm units | 8 - 17 |
Percent air voids in the mix % | 3 - 5 |
Voids filled with bitumen % | 75 - 85 |
Marshall Curves
The specific gravities and weight proportions for aggregate and bitumenare as under for the preparation of Marshall mix design.The volume and weight of one Marshall specimen was found to be 475 cc and 1100gm. Assuming absorption of bitumen in aggregate is zero, find , , and ;
Item | A_1 | A_2 | A_3 | A_4 | B |
Wt (gm) | 825 | 1200 | 325 | 150 | 100 |
Sp. Gr | 2.63 | 2.51 | 2.46 | 2.43 | 1.05 |
Astm D1559 Marshall Pdf Download
Solution
![Pdf Pdf](https://parsrostest.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/marshall-stabilite-test-cihazı-01.jpg)
The results of Marshall test for five specimen is given below.Find the optimum bitumen content of the mix.
Bitumen | Stability | Flow | |||
content | (kg) | (units) | (%) | (%) | |
3 | 499.4 | 9.0 | 12.5 | 34 | 2.17 |
4 | 717.3 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 65 | 2.21 |
5 | 812.7 | 12.0 | 3.9 | 84 | 2.26 |
6 | 767.3 | 14.8 | 2.4 | 91 | 2.23 |
7 | 662.8 | 19.5 | 1.9 | 93 | 2.18 |
Solution
Plot the graphs and find bitumen content corresponding to- Max stability = 5 percent bitumen content.
- Max = 5 percent bitumen content.
- 4% percent air void = 3 percent bitumen content.
Marshal stability test is the performance prediction measure conducted on thebituminous nix.The procedure consists of determination of properties of mix, Marshal stabilityand flow analysis and finally determination of optimum bitumen content.The concept of phase diagram is used for the calculations.
- In Marshall stability test, the sample is compacted using a rammer giving
- 50 blows
- 20 blows
- 25 blows
- 75 blows
- The Marshall flow value is expressed in units of
- 25 mm
- 2.5mm
- 5mm
- 3mm
- In Marshall stability test, the sample is compacted using a rammer giving
- 50 blows
- 20 blows
- 25 blows
- 75 blows
- The Marshall flow value is expressed in units of
- 25 mm
- 2.5mm
- 5mm
- 3mm
Bibliography
Astm D1559 Marshall Pdf Format
Prof. Tom V. Mathew2012-03-19
Astm D1559 Marshall Pdf Search
Marshall Stability Test as per ASTM D 1559 & IRC 111
OBJECTIVES
To determine the strength (Marshall Stability Value) and flexibility (flow value) for the given bitumen mixture.
To determine the density-voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture;
To determine the suitability of bituminous mixture to meet the specified criteria for the surface course.
INTRODUCTION
Bruce Marshall, formerly bituminous engineer with Mississippi State Highway Department, USA formulated Marshall Method for designing bituminous mixes.
This test is done to determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture. The principle of this test is that Marshall Stability is the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface at 5 cm per minute. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60 degree and is measured in kg.
The sample needed is From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill the required specification. The total weight of the mix should be 1200 gm for one specimen.
CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE
The test procedure is used in designing and evaluating bituminous paving mixes and is widely applied in routine test programmes for the paving jobs. The major features of the Marshall Method of designing mixes are to determine the two important properties ofstrength and flexibility.
Strength is measured in terms of the “Marshall’s Stability” of the mix which is defined as the maximum load carried by a compacted specimen at a standard test temperature of 60 degree. This temperature represents the weakest condition for a bituminous pavement in use.
The flexibility is measured in terms of the “Flow Value” which is measured by the change in diameter of the sample in the direction of lad application between the start of loading and the time of maximum load. In this test an attempt is made to obtainoptimum binder content for the aggregate mix type and traffic intensity.
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
The apparatus for the Marshall Stability test consists of the following:
Specimen Mould Assembly comprising mould cylinders 10 cm diameter x 7.5 cm height, base plate and extension collars. They are designed to be interchanged with either end of cylindrical mould. Three mould cylinders are recommended.
Specimen extractor for extracting the compacted specimen from the mould. A suitable bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper proving ring attachment while extracting the specimen
Compaction Rammers having a flat circular tamping face 4.5kg sliding weight constructed to provide a free fall of 45.7cm. Two compaction rammers are recommended.
Compaction pedestal consisting of a 20 x 20 x 45 cm wooden block capped with a 30
30 x 2.5 cm MS plate to hold the mould assembly in position during compaction. Mould holder is provided consisting of spring tension device designed to hold compaction mould in place on the compaction pedestal.
Breaking head. The Breaking head consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads having an inside radius curvature of 5 cm. The lower segment is mounted on a base having two perpendicular guide rods which facilitate insertion in the holes of upper test segments. assembly with provision to fix flow meter
Loading Machine motorized, loading machine is provided with a gear system to lift the upward direction. Recalibrated proving ring of 5 tone capacity is fixed on the upper end of the machine, specimen contained in the test head is placed in between the base and the proving ring. The loading jack produces uniform vertical movement of 5 cm/ min. Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also. This facilitates adequate space for placing test head system. After one specimen has been tested.
Flow Meter. The flow meter consists of guide sieve and a gauge. The activating pin of the gauge slides inside the guide sleeve with a slide amount f fractional resistance. Least count of 0.025mm is adequate. The flow value refer top the total vertical upward movement form the initial position at zero load to value at maximum load. The dial; gauge at the flow meter should be able to measure accurately the total vertical movement upward.
In addition to the above the following general equipments are also required
Oven or hot plates Mixing Apparatus
Water Bath
Thermometer of range up to 2000C with sensitively of 2.5 degree Celsius
Miscellaneous Equipment's are like container, mixing and handling tools etc.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
The coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and the filler materials should be proportioned so as to fulfill the requirements of the relevant standards. The required quantity of the mix is taken so as to produce compacted bituminous mix specimens of thickness 63.5 mm approximately.
Take 1200 gm of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler material (as per grading requirement given in table) to produce the desired thickness.
The aggregates are heated to a temperature of 175° to 190°C the compaction mould assembly and rammer are cleaned and kept pre-heated to a temperature of 100°C to 145°C.
The bitumen is heated to a temperature of 121°C to 138°C and the required amount of first trial of bitumen is added to the heated aggregate and thoroughly mixed using a mechanical mixer or by hand mixing with trowel.
The mixing temperature for 110 grade bitumen may be around 154°C and that for60/70 grade about 160°C.
The total quantity of mix is placed in a mould and compacted by rammer with 75 blows. Invert the sample, and compact the other face with the same number of blows.
The compacting temperature should be about 138°C for 80/100 grade bitumen and 149°C for 60/70 grade.
After compaction, invert the mould. With the collar of the bottom, remove the base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor.
The compacted specimen should have a thickness of 63.5 mm.
Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool.
Obtain the sample’s mass in air and submerged, to measure density of specimen, so as to allow, calculation of the voids properties.
NOTES:
At least 2 specimens (but preferably 3 or 4 specimen) for each combination of aggregate and bitumen should be prepared.
For surface course with 12 mm aggregate, the expected optimum bitumen content may be about 6.5 %. Therefore specimen should be made at 5.5 %, 6.0%, 6.5 %, 7.0 % and 7.5 % bitumen content.
TEST PROCEDURE
In conducting the stability test, the specimen are heated at a temperature of 60±10 C (37.8 ± 10C for specimens in which tar has been used in place bitumen), either in a water bath for 30-40 minutes or in an oven for a minimum of 2 hours.
Remove the specimens from the water bath (or oven) and place the lower segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position of the Marshall testing machine.
Place the flow meter (dial gauge) over one of the post and adjust into read zero.
Apply a load at a rate of 50 mm per minute until the maximum load reading is obtained.
Record the maximum load in Newton (N). At the same instant obtain the flow as recorded on the flow meter in unit of mm.
The total time between removing the specimen from the bath and completion of the test should not exceed 30 seconds.
RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS
Mass of aggregates in mixing pan = 1200 gm
Mass of bitumen added ………………………………… gm
Bitumen content …………………………………………… %
Heating Temperature Aggregates ………………… 0C Bitumen ……………………. 0C
Mixing ……………………….0C
Compacting temperature ………………………………0C
Number of blows with hammer per face ………Nos
Mass of specimen in air ‘Wm” ………………………. gm
Mass submerged ‘Ww’ ………………………………. gm
Diameter of Specimen …………………………………. cm
Thickness of specimen …………………………………. cm
Volume of specimen ‘Vm’ ………………………………. cm3
NOTE:
The measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the ration for the thickness of specimen is equal to the corrected stability for a 63.5 mm specimen.
Volume-thickness relationship is based on a specimen diameter of 10 cm.
Detailed procedure along with calculations, correction factors etc is attached below.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the strength (Marshall Stability Value) and flexibility (flow value) for the given bitumen mixture.
To determine the density-voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture;
To determine the suitability of bituminous mixture to meet the specified criteria for the surface course.
INTRODUCTION
Bruce Marshall, formerly bituminous engineer with Mississippi State Highway Department, USA formulated Marshall Method for designing bituminous mixes.
This test is done to determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture. The principle of this test is that Marshall Stability is the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface at 5 cm per minute. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60 degree and is measured in kg.
The sample needed is From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill the required specification. The total weight of the mix should be 1200 gm for one specimen.
CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE
The test procedure is used in designing and evaluating bituminous paving mixes and is widely applied in routine test programmes for the paving jobs. The major features of the Marshall Method of designing mixes are to determine the two important properties ofstrength and flexibility.
Strength is measured in terms of the “Marshall’s Stability” of the mix which is defined as the maximum load carried by a compacted specimen at a standard test temperature of 60 degree. This temperature represents the weakest condition for a bituminous pavement in use.
The flexibility is measured in terms of the “Flow Value” which is measured by the change in diameter of the sample in the direction of lad application between the start of loading and the time of maximum load. In this test an attempt is made to obtainoptimum binder content for the aggregate mix type and traffic intensity.
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
The apparatus for the Marshall Stability test consists of the following:
Specimen Mould Assembly comprising mould cylinders 10 cm diameter x 7.5 cm height, base plate and extension collars. They are designed to be interchanged with either end of cylindrical mould. Three mould cylinders are recommended.
Specimen extractor for extracting the compacted specimen from the mould. A suitable bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper proving ring attachment while extracting the specimen
Compaction Rammers having a flat circular tamping face 4.5kg sliding weight constructed to provide a free fall of 45.7cm. Two compaction rammers are recommended.
Compaction pedestal consisting of a 20 x 20 x 45 cm wooden block capped with a 30
30 x 2.5 cm MS plate to hold the mould assembly in position during compaction. Mould holder is provided consisting of spring tension device designed to hold compaction mould in place on the compaction pedestal.
Breaking head. The Breaking head consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads having an inside radius curvature of 5 cm. The lower segment is mounted on a base having two perpendicular guide rods which facilitate insertion in the holes of upper test segments. assembly with provision to fix flow meter
Loading Machine motorized, loading machine is provided with a gear system to lift the upward direction. Recalibrated proving ring of 5 tone capacity is fixed on the upper end of the machine, specimen contained in the test head is placed in between the base and the proving ring. The loading jack produces uniform vertical movement of 5 cm/ min. Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also. This facilitates adequate space for placing test head system. After one specimen has been tested.
Flow Meter. The flow meter consists of guide sieve and a gauge. The activating pin of the gauge slides inside the guide sleeve with a slide amount f fractional resistance. Least count of 0.025mm is adequate. The flow value refer top the total vertical upward movement form the initial position at zero load to value at maximum load. The dial; gauge at the flow meter should be able to measure accurately the total vertical movement upward.
In addition to the above the following general equipments are also required
Oven or hot plates Mixing Apparatus
Water Bath
Thermometer of range up to 2000C with sensitively of 2.5 degree Celsius
Miscellaneous Equipment's are like container, mixing and handling tools etc.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
The coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and the filler materials should be proportioned so as to fulfill the requirements of the relevant standards. The required quantity of the mix is taken so as to produce compacted bituminous mix specimens of thickness 63.5 mm approximately.
Take 1200 gm of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler material (as per grading requirement given in table) to produce the desired thickness.
The aggregates are heated to a temperature of 175° to 190°C the compaction mould assembly and rammer are cleaned and kept pre-heated to a temperature of 100°C to 145°C.
The bitumen is heated to a temperature of 121°C to 138°C and the required amount of first trial of bitumen is added to the heated aggregate and thoroughly mixed using a mechanical mixer or by hand mixing with trowel.
The mixing temperature for 110 grade bitumen may be around 154°C and that for60/70 grade about 160°C.
The total quantity of mix is placed in a mould and compacted by rammer with 75 blows. Invert the sample, and compact the other face with the same number of blows.
The compacting temperature should be about 138°C for 80/100 grade bitumen and 149°C for 60/70 grade.
After compaction, invert the mould. With the collar of the bottom, remove the base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor.
The compacted specimen should have a thickness of 63.5 mm.
Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool.
Obtain the sample’s mass in air and submerged, to measure density of specimen, so as to allow, calculation of the voids properties.
NOTES:
At least 2 specimens (but preferably 3 or 4 specimen) for each combination of aggregate and bitumen should be prepared.
For surface course with 12 mm aggregate, the expected optimum bitumen content may be about 6.5 %. Therefore specimen should be made at 5.5 %, 6.0%, 6.5 %, 7.0 % and 7.5 % bitumen content.
TEST PROCEDURE
In conducting the stability test, the specimen are heated at a temperature of 60±10 C (37.8 ± 10C for specimens in which tar has been used in place bitumen), either in a water bath for 30-40 minutes or in an oven for a minimum of 2 hours.
Remove the specimens from the water bath (or oven) and place the lower segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position of the Marshall testing machine.
Place the flow meter (dial gauge) over one of the post and adjust into read zero.
Apply a load at a rate of 50 mm per minute until the maximum load reading is obtained.
Record the maximum load in Newton (N). At the same instant obtain the flow as recorded on the flow meter in unit of mm.
The total time between removing the specimen from the bath and completion of the test should not exceed 30 seconds.
RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS
Mass of aggregates in mixing pan = 1200 gm
Mass of bitumen added ………………………………… gm
Bitumen content …………………………………………… %
Heating Temperature Aggregates ………………… 0C Bitumen ……………………. 0C
Mixing ……………………….0C
Compacting temperature ………………………………0C
Number of blows with hammer per face ………Nos
Mass of specimen in air ‘Wm” ………………………. gm
Mass submerged ‘Ww’ ………………………………. gm
Diameter of Specimen …………………………………. cm
Thickness of specimen …………………………………. cm
Volume of specimen ‘Vm’ ………………………………. cm3
NOTE:
The measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the ration for the thickness of specimen is equal to the corrected stability for a 63.5 mm specimen.
Volume-thickness relationship is based on a specimen diameter of 10 cm.
Detailed procedure along with calculations, correction factors etc is attached below.